Unexpected Shocks in the Economy Lead to Fluctuation

Business cycle theories and their improvements are very interesting topics till now (although it is twentieth century product) because every economy wants a stables growth path but there are some expected or unexpected shocks which leads to fluctuations, as a result whole economy fluctuates. We are unable to foresee such fluctuations, so economists try their best in studying related situations in their country and rest of the world. They can ´t afford applying a policy and its results. May be the process will be too costly or harmful to test. So they do all these things in paper works, they study the previous literatures, their own economical situation and try to build a good model. Which could be able to answer the required questions? In this Article Lucas tries to explore the same things. He just wants to tell us about the features of a good model. He used comparative study between and within different school of thoughts (Keynes, Neoclassical) and tries his level best to show us about a good technique and model. In the very first part he tells us about a model following that the advantages of a good model. He is of the view that a good model will be able to tell us more things in a technical way, verbal explanation is not enough. About talking a good model he says model should be simple† The models answers actual economies give to simple questions, the more we trust its answers to harder questions†, give better imitation† depend on the particular questions to which oneShow MoreRelatedNew Classical Macroeconomics Arose From The Monetarism And Rational Expectation School Essay922 Words   |  4 Pagesrecession and a series of macroeconomic issues. Keynesian economists believe that changes in the money supply will lead to changes in effective demand that will changes in the total economy. For economic cycle fluctuation, Keynesian economists believe that is a disequilibrium phenomenon. In 1960s, Keynesian economists appealed to the Phillips curve, which means monetary or fiscal policy will lead to lower unemployment rate and cause higher inflation rate as well. However, the new classical rejected theRead MoreBusiness Cycle Theories : A General Comparison1625 Words   |  7 PagesTheories: A General Comparison Throughout history, economies have experienced times of high growth and low unemployment as well as times of little or negative growth and high unemployment. It is controversial whether or not these instances occurred from regular fluctuations in the market. These alternating up and down fluctuations typically occur over several years, with each individual cycle varying in length and intensity. These fluctuations are known as business cycles, which have four phasesRead MoreNotes : Floating And Fixed Exchange Rate Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pageskeep a high level of foreign reserves. This is a reserved amount of foreign currency held by the central bank that it can use to release (or absorb) extra funds into (or out of) the market. This ensures an appropriate money supply, appropriate fluctuations in the market (inflation/deflation) and ultimately, the exchange rate. The central bank can also adjust the official exchange rate when necessary. Advantages †¢ A fixed exchange rate may minimize instabilities in real economic activity †¢ CentralRead MoreGdp Of The Us, Eu28, Canada, And China1348 Words   |  6 Pagesyears, the GDP increase gradually and show a good economic trend; those investors continually expect the increase in price. They couldn’t prepare and forecast for the market bubbles, so they purchased more. In the end because of market bubble that leads to the inability to repaid loan. Crisis was at peak in the period 2007-2008. GDP dropped tremendously. To resolve the crisis, many policies are created to â€Å"countering the tightening of financial conditions† (Kohn, 2009). They â€Å"lowered the interestRead MoreJohn Maynard Keynes s Economic Theory And Policy After World War II1307 Words   |  6 Pagessupply and demand with no government control - would deliver full employment. John Maynard Keynes came up with a theory as a counterargument: that aggregate demand is the single most powerful force in any economy. Keynes explains that free markets are not able to balance themsel ves out enough to lead to the full employment everyone was waiting for. The 1930s gave rise to Keynes’ ideas, especially after the publication of his revolutionary book The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money inRead MoreThe Oil Crisis in the Seventies and The Monetary Policy1894 Words   |  8 PagesIn the early seventies of the past century, most of the developed countries’ economies started to tremble due to the unexpected oil shock, fired up by the OAPEC (Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries) proclaiming a severe restriction in the oil’s supply. Regarding to the macroeconomic theory, at this point the dominant one was still the Keynesian macroeconomics, even though the monetarist theories, coming especially from relevant articles like Friedman (1959, 1968) or Friedman and SchwartzRead MoreAggregate Expenditure And Output Of The Short Run Essay1563 Words   |  7 Pagesin the short run. In principle, an economy is in equilibrium when the main macroeconomic variables tend to remain stable over time without external shocks. However, the conditions that this balance must fulfill differ according to the period in which we are analyzing the economy. In any economy, output, income, and aggregate expenditure coincide. However, this cannot be the equilibrium condition, since it is an identity. In order to be able to say that the economy has reached the equilibrium, the conditionRead MoreThe Impact of Exchange Rate Fluctuation on Macroeconomic Performance in Nigeria22514 Words   |  91 PagesTHE IMPACT OF EXCHANGE RATE FLUCTUATION ON MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY This study is designed to examine the causes of exchange rate fluctuations and their impact on the Nigerian economy since there is scarcely any country that lives in absolute autarky in this globalised world. The economies of all the countries of the world are linked directly or indirectly through asset or/and goods markets. This linkage is made possible throughRead MoreEffects Of Oil Prices On The American Economy1528 Words   |  7 Pagesprovides an overview on why there is oil price falling in the United States. It will examine the reasons that are influencing fall of oil prices. Additionally, the paper will seek to explore the effects caused by the fall of oil prices in the American’s economy. Introduction In the recent months, the prices of crude oil have dropped from 140 dollars per barrel to 60 dollars a barrel in the latest date. To begin with, there is technological revolution in the energy extraction referred to as â€Å"fracking† whichRead MoreSupply and Demand and Stationary Aggregate Demand4063 Words   |  17 Pages(Hubbard/O’Brien) Chapter 24 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Analysis 1) The static aggregate demand and aggregate supply curve model helps explain A) short term fluctuations in real GDP and the price level. B) long term growth. C) price fluctuations in an individual market. D) output fluctuations in an individual market. 2) The aggregate demand curve shows the relationship between the ________ and ________. A) inflation rate; quantity of real GDP demanded

History of Special Education Law - 1021 Words

History of Special Education Law Grand Canyon University Special Education Litigation and Law SPE-350 Virginia Murray August 11, 2013 History of Special Education Law Throughout the ages, people with disabilities have been hidden away at homes or institutions and were often not educated. This was common practice and as such, when the education system was designed, children with disabilities were not even considered. Then, starting soon after the civil rights movement in the 50’s, a series of lawsuits was brought against school boards and the federal government took notice. Then the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975 was passed and these children were finally allowed the education they deserved. As time went†¦show more content†¦It was revised and renamed in the 90’s. It was now named the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, or IDEA in 1997. This act afforded many more rights and regulations to those with special needs and those that provided these services. While the basic premise of the original act was included, IDEA expanded, improved and outlined more specifically the duties of the service providers. Parents gained many new rights as well. They now were to attend all meetings pertaining to their child’s education and were allowed any and all documentation rather than only the relevant documents (ERIC, 1998). Students were to have measurable goals and participate in standardized testing. Not only are the needs of the student through to the age of twenty one within the educational system considered, but now, there are transition plans required to help students move from school to their adult life or college and beyond. Schools now have a specific plan for each student called the Individual Education Plan or IEP. And IEP often takes the talents of many service providers and thus a team is assembled (ERIC, 1998). Another really amazing part of IDEA is in the area of discipline. Students are not to be denied ongoing services due to behavior (ERIC, 1998). However, if the behavior was not determined to be related to their disability, the school is allowed to discipline the student in the same manner as a student without a disability. IDEAShow MoreRelatedThehistory of Special Education1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Special Education and the Laws Associated with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Latrena Y. Haynes Grand Canyon University: SPE - 526 March 05, 2014 Abstract Special education is a type of education for students with special needs. The term is usually abbreviated as SPED which can also mean Saving People Every Day. This includes people who are different from normal people whether they are a baby, toddler, young adult, or an adult. This includes peopleRead MoreThen and Now: the Changing Paradigms of Special Education Assessments1637 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: SPECIAL EDUCATION ASSESSMENT Then and Now: The Changing Paradigms of Special Education Assessments Michelle Walker Grand Canyon University: September 12, 2012 Then and Now: The Changing Paradigms of Special Education Assessments All school aged children who are currently enrolled among the many school districts and systems ranging from, ages 3 to 21, have been provided with an enormous opportunity to have rights, which ensure these children to receive a FreeRead MoreHistory of Special Education1367 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This paper will discuss the history of special education including a timeline of the significant events that happens in the history of special education. It would further discuss the laws associated with Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Furthermore, this paper will address the current and future challenges the laws have on special education. All children are created differently with different talents and abilities. Some are tall, others are short. Some are big, othersRead More History of Special Education Essay1552 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Special Education Introduction Special education has faced many changes during the last century. During this time there have been many opinions on the way students with differences should be taught and treated. This paper will discuss the history of special education during the twentieth century. We will also discuss the laws associated with Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Finally we will discuss the current and future challenges that the laws have on special educationRead MoreHistory of Special Education Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pageshead: History of Special Education History of Special Education Marie Cudia Grand Canyon University: SPE526: Educating Learners with Diverse Needs April 2, 2012 History of Special Education The history of Special Education just as any history; is a long battle that has been fought by many who cared in order to bring us to where we are today. Its Journey has and will be never ending; since society is forever evolving. We will be fighting for equal rights in education andRead MoreSpecial Education Students: Inclusion vs Reality Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pages Shocking and demeaning words such as idiot, moron, and retard were once used as actual labels for disabled children in special education. â€Å"Prior to 1975, schools were not mandated to educate students with disabilities . . . . [Those with disabilities] were deemed to be uneducable and were barred from entering schools† (â€Å"Exceptional Students†). Federal and state laws, as well as mandates, now require schools to educate all children with disabilities in the least restrictive environmentRead MoreThe Importance Of A Special Needs Student849 Words   |  4 Pagesan uncommon occurrence when dealing with children who have special needs. This teacher was trained to understand the method used when working with a child who will unintentionally cause harm to themselves or others. A parent needs to understand that unconventional methods must be used with children who learn unconventionally. This research will show readers that each student needs their own educational methods, which work around any special needs they may have. Schools have developed parent trainingRead MoreThe Victims Of Children With Disabilities1331 Words   |  6 Pagespersonal tragedy. Many children were denied access to education and opportunities to learn. In 1967, 200,000 persons with disabilities resided in state institutions. Many of these restrictive settings provided only minimal food, clothing, and shelter. These institutions did not have the individuals with a disability assessed, educated, or rehabilitated. In 1970, U.S. public schools educated only one in five children with disabilities. Many states had laws excluding certain students, including children whoRead MoreSpecial Education Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' Special Education In ancient Greece and Rome there are isolated examples of caring for and treating disabled individuals, although those instances are thought to be family members taking care of their own family. Typically early societies shunned people who were considered different. During the Middle Ages the church provided care for physically or mentally impaired people. The development of techniques associated with special education of today did not emerge until the Renaissance eraRead MorePeople with Disabilities1124 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the beginning of human history to the 1700s, people with disabilities were often treated badly or even killed for being different. Typically shunned by early societies, (Special Education, 2014) people with disabilities were pushed aside, abandoned as babies, or even tortured for being different (Raymond, 2012). Stigma associated with difference and superstition often convinced people that cognitive or physical differences were the work of demons and t hat these people needed to be executed

Reducing Stress through Meditation Free Essays

In today’s world every one experience stresses almost every day and human body involuntarily reacts in ways that prepare them to fight or run. However, stress is something that needs special attention and if it is not taken care properly it may lead physical damage to every part of the body. There are several studies that suggest the beneficial affects of meditation is exactly the opposite ways that stress does. We will write a custom essay sample on Reducing Stress through Meditation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, they claim that â€Å"meditation can restore the body to a serene state, serving the body to repair on its own, and averting further harm due to the physical effects of stress† (Scott n.pag). This paper is a literature review on what the experts think of the impact of meditation on stress management. It is a well known fact that stress and tension has become the common thing in the world today. There are enormous pressures of work, finances, family life, disease, studies, parents, children, etc. â€Å"In fact it is proven beyond doubt that stress and anxiety are the main cause for many serious health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes and strokes and many more problems† (Monslow n.pag). Meditation is an age old technique that includes relaxing methods such as â€Å"listening to the breath, repeating a mantra, or detaching from the thought process, to focus the attention and bring about a state of self awareness and inner calm† (Canter 176-177). Though many researchers have worked on this issue it has been difficult to prove its therapeutic value. However it is assumed that this stress releasing activity may have prophylactic and therapeutic health benefits. This has been proven because of certain physiological effects such as a decreased of slowed heart rate or a particular electroencephalographic pattern that occur during meditation and describe a calm state may provide insight into how meditation works. According to a study conducted by Eisenberg et al. (964-972) â€Å"an association was found in a meta-analysis of cognitive behavioral techniques such as meditation for hypertension†. In another study of â€Å"meta-analysis trials of relaxation and meditation for trait anxiety that included 70 trials of meditation and showed that the 35 trials of transcendental meditation were linked with significantly larger effect sizes than other techniques† (Eppley et al. 957-974). According to another study in asthma problem it was found that sahaja meditation which is a technique of passive witnessing of thoughts, improved some outcomes. However, differences were not maintained at two months (Manocha et al. 110-115). Similarly, studies showed that people with epilepsy practising sahaja meditation had a significant decrease in objective stress measures and frequency of seizures (Panjwani et al 111-116; Panjwani et al 165-172). A study that was designed to determine the effectiveness of a group stress reduction program based on mindfulness meditation for patients with anxiety disorders. In this study 22 study participants were selected with a structured clinical interview and found to meet the DSM- III-R criteria for generalized anxiety disorder or panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. During the study assessments, including self-ratings and therapists’ ratings, were obtained weekly before and during the meditation-based stress reduction and relaxation program and monthly during the 3-month follow-up period. It was found that a â€Å"group mindfulness meditation training program can successfully decrease symptoms of anxiety and panic and can aid preserve these reductions in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, or panic disorder with agoraphobia† (Kabat-Zinn 936-943). The findings of a study by Kaplan et al (284-289) suggested that a meditation-based stress reduction program is effective for patients with fibromyalgia. In fact this is a chronic illness characterized by extensive pain, tenderness to light touch, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and resistance to treatment. In yet another study by Barnes et al. (366–369) that was taken up to determine the impact of stress reduction on blood pressure in adolescents by the Transcendental Meditation program it was found that there was a greater decreases in daytime systolic blood pressure (P .04) and diastolic blood pressure (P .06) in those people who were practicing transcendental meditation when compared with the control group. Therefore the study concluded that there is a beneficial impact of the transcendental meditation program in youth who are at risk for the development of hypertension. A study carried out at Harvard University found that elderly individuals who learned Transcendental Meditation exhibited considerably superior improvements in a range of age-related aspects of mental and physical health when compared to other techniques or among the control group with no-treatment. This study demonstrated that majority of subjects involved in Transcendental Meditation rated this technique as individually helpful and uncomplicated to do when compared to the other techniques. A follow-up study after three years found that all those who had learned Transcendental Meditation were still alive compared with significantly lower survival rates for the other groups and for the remaining population of the institutions where the study was carried out (Alexander et al. 950-964). Work Cited Alexander CN, Langer EJ, Davies JL, Chandler HM, Newman RI. Transcendental Meditation, mindfulness, and longevity: an experimental study with the elderly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. (1989) Vol 57, 6 pp 950-964. Barnes, V.A., Treiber, FA and  Johnson, MH. Impact of transcendental meditation on ambulatory blood pressure in African-American adolescents. Am J Hypertens (2004) Vol 17 pp 366–369. Canter, P The therapeutic effects of meditation, editorial STUDENT BMJ VOL 11 (June 2003) pp: 176-177. How to cite Reducing Stress through Meditation, Essay examples

Google a Name Derived from “Googol” Essay Sample free essay sample

As PhD pupils at Stanford University. Larry Page and Sergy Brin founded Google. com in 1998. Google was incorporated on the Fourth of September 1998. It became a public company and portions were ab initio offered to the populace on the Nineteenth of August 2004. The company central office is located in Mountain View. California. Google is one of the several internet/software companies situated in the celebrated Silicon Valley. The company’s mission is â€Å"to organize the world’s information and do it universally accessible and utile. † Based on reading about Google’s corporate civilization. I can surmise that Google utilizes a horizontal organisational construction. A twosome of statements convey the company’s organisational construction. The website provinces â€Å"It’s truly the people that make Google the sort of company it is. We hire people who are smart and determined. and we favor ability over experience. † This exemplifies the importance of each Google employee. or referred to as â€Å"Googlers† . as they play an of import function towards the company’s success. Google focuses on persons whose abilities outshine their work experience. This proves that the thought of every Googler affairs to the company as every employee â€Å"share common ends and visions for the company. † Besides. on the concluding paragraph in the corporate civilization page. it stated â€Å"Googlers ask inquiries straight to Larry. Sergey and other White House about any figure of company issues. † This portrays that the company has a minor barrier between Google executives and the Googlers. Google employees can easy reach Google executives and are able to easy turn to their sentiments and concerns about the company. Due to this organisational construction. this improves relationships between the executives and employees since it provides employees the sense of importance and relevancy to the company. The Google company web site can be easy navigated. The company’s doctrine page can be easy found on the left manus side of the web site. The page is wholly organized as it lists the 10 things that they believe in. By making so. Google emphasizes the importance of the company’s beliefs in specifying their corporate individuality. Here. the general populace would see who they basically are and what values are of import to the company. The effect of Google’s ten beliefs revolve around supplying Google users an efficient and user friendly hunt engine. distributing information across boundary lines and doing discoveries in invention at a enjoyable and restful work environment. Besides. unlike Google. companies don’t normally province up to ten values in their â€Å"about us† page and lucubrate these points in paragraphs. Comparing Google to Time Warner and Disney. both Time Warner and Disney hardly focused on its company values. For illustration. Time Wa rner merely listed seven basic company values and merely explained these values in a sentence. On their web site. they stated that â€Å"creativity† is one of their values and explained it with â€Å" We thrive on invention and originality. encouraging risk-taking and divergent voices. † This rationalisation does non sound complex compared to Google’s accounts of their values. On the other manus. Disney did non even include any values in their company overview page. This conveys that Disney is non concerned in turn toing their company beliefs and values to the general populace. In Google’s doctrine page. each value is headlined as a topic and a paragraph is used to lucubrate the values they believe in. On the paragraph under the first point of this page. it says that â€Å"Our home page interface is clear and simple. and pages load immediately. † This is decidedly true. Google is known for holding a really simple and easy accessible hunt engine. The home page does non use a fancy design to pull persons. It’s simpleness and handiness en ables Google users to be able to execute their hunt rapidly and be able to happen the replies or information that they are seeking. Even if the company’s central office is located in Silicon Valley. this doesn’t prevent the company from distributing globally. Google is a really diverse company as it employs persons from Beijing to Berlin. The international offices influenced the company’s planetary success by providing to the planetary market. Google states that its mission is to â€Å"facilitate entree to information for the full universe. and in every linguistic communication. † Even if the company is based in California. Google strives to make out to the universe by holding offices in about 60 states. The company accommodates to other states by holding more than one hundred and 80 Internet spheres. These spheres are personalized for each state as it utilizes its national linguistic communication. This enables non-English talkers to execute hunts easy without sing any troubles understanding the articles they are looking for. To provide to non-English talkers. Google concocted its int erlingual rendition package in order to understand pages written in English. Besides this. the interlingual rendition package enables persons to larn more about the linguistic communications they’re non familiar with. This exemplifies Google’s value of diverseness. as they â€Å"don’t merely accept difference- we thrive on it. † Google is known for holding an irregular office atmosphere. The headline â€Å"You can be serious without a suit† . exemplifies the different attack they utilize in order to accomplish a productive and gratifying workplace. Under that header. it states â€Å"Our laminitis built Google around the thought that work should be disputing. and the challenge should be merriment. † Google believes that by holding a originative and fun workplace. productiveness and creativeness can greatly be increased. This provides Googlers a stress-free and enjoyable environment. which aids towards the company’s success as modern inventions and engineering is created. To turn out this. Google provides images of its different offices around the universe. These images include an indoor garden in its London office. a restful patio with a arresting position in New York City and a bowling back street located in the company’s central office in California. Overall. Google is manner in front of the game. It is regarded as the most outstanding hunt engine on the planet. The company’s horizontal organisational construction. nucleus values and international acknowledgment have played critical functions to their success. Google is decidedly a alone company and that is what makes it the best hunt engine in the full universe.